The Pollination Biology of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Araliaceae)

This paper reports floral rewards, flower visitors, foraging behavior and visitation rate of flower visitors on inflorescences, and the pollination effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim. ) Maxim. The main results are as follows: (1) A male flower can provide 58 000～81 000 pollen grains and 5.5～8.0 μ1/d × 2～3 d of nectar, while a female flower can provide 4.0～8.0μl/d × 2～3 d of nectar but no pollen grains. A hermaphrodite flower can provide 19 000～54 000 pollen grains and 7.0～10.0μl/d × 2～6 d of nectar; when it is at male phase, it can provide pollen as well as nectar, but when it is at female phase, it can only provide nectar. (2) The male and hermaphrodite flowers, if they provide pollen grains, are pollen donors. The female and hermaphrodite flowers with white and open stigmas are pollen recipients. The rewarding phase of pollen donor lasts 1～3 days after anthesis and that of pollen recipient is between 5～7 or 7～9 days after anthesis. This may confirm that E. senticosus is protandrous. In addition, the nectar-rewarding period of pollen donors is from 8:30 to 16:00, and its peak is at 9:00～15:00; while that of pollen recipients is from 10:30 to 16:30, with its peak from 11:00 to 16:00. It is suggested that the difference between the two nectar-rewarding peaks be the key factor which affects the pollinators' visiting direction from pollen donors to pollen recipients. (3) More than 50 species of visiting insects were observed. Visitors most frequently seen are arranged in Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera-Heteroptera in order. Their visitation rate and visitation peak are influenced by different plants of different sexes, in different habitats and under different weather conditions. Generally, the peak of visitation to pollen donors is earlier than that to pollen recipients; the rate of visitation to male patch is higher than that to female patch. In the case of hermaphrodite patch, the visitation rate is higher when receiving pollen than when supplying. In addition, the brighter the sky is or the larger the E. senticosus patch is, the higher the visitation rate and peak are; the earlier the plant patch is shone in a day, the earlier the visiting peak comes. (4) From the pollination effect, we may conclude that the seed set of E. senticosus totally depends on pollinators'visitation. And bees such as Bumbus, Halictus, Megachile, Vespa, Apis are the most efficient pollinators, while other insects, including Pieridae, Syrphidae, Tachinidae, Melolonthidae and so on,are also helpful for the pollination success. Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug. Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. 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Megasporogenesis,Microsporogenesis and Development of Gametophytes in Eleutherococcus senticosus (Araliaceae)

This paper describes megasporogenesis, microsporogenesis, and development of female and male gametophytes in Eleutherococcus senticosus. The main results are as follows: Flowers of E. senticosus are epigynous, pentamerous. Anthers are 4 -microsporangiate. An ovary has 5 loculi. Each ovary loculus has 2 ovules: the upper ovule and the lower ovule. The upper one is orthotropous and degenerates after the formation of archesporial cell, while the lower one is anatropous, unitegmic and crassinucellar, and able to continue developing. In male plants, microsporogenesis and development of male gametophytes took place in regular way, but a series of abnormal phenomena were found in megasporogenesis and development of female gametophytes. The microspore mother cells gave rise to tetrahedral tetrads by meiosis. Cytokinesis was of the simultaneous type. The mature pollen was 3-celled and shed singly. The anther wall formation belonged to the dicotyledonous type. At the stage of microspore mother cell, the anther wall consisted of four layers, i.e. epidermis, endothecium, middle layer, and tapetum. The tapetum was of glandular type and its most cells were binucleate. When microspores were at the uninucleate stage, the tapetum began to degenerate in situ. When microspores developed into 3-celled pollen grains, the tapetum had fully degenerates. In the lower ovule of male flower, the megaspore mother cell gave rise to a linear or “T” -shaped tetrad. In some cases, a new archesporial cell over the tetrad or two tetrads parallel or in a series were observed. Furthermore, the position of functional megaspore was variable; any one or two megaspores might be functional, or one megaspore gave rise to a uninucleate embryo sac, but two other megaspores also had a potentiality of developing into the embryo sac. In generally, on the day when flowers opened, female gametophytes contained only 4 cells: a central cell, two irregular synergids and one unusual egg cell. In female plants, microspore mother cells and secondary sporogenous cells were observed. But at the stage of secondary sporogenous cell, the newly differentiated tapetum took the appearance of degeneration. Later, during the whole stage of meiosis, the trace of degenerative tapetum could be seen. At last, the microsporangium degenerated and no tetrad formed. On the blossom day, all anthers shriveled without pollen grains. In female flowers, megasporogenesis and development of female gametophytes were normal: the tetrad of megaspores was linear or “T”-shaped; the chalazal megaspore was usually functional; the development of embryo sac was of the Polygonum type. On the blossom day, most embryo sacs consisted of 7 cells with 8 nuclei or 7 cells with 7 nuclei; but the egg apparatus was not fully developed. In hermaphroditic plants, microsporogenesis was normal but the development of male gametophytes was partially abnormal. When the hermaphroditic flowers blossomed, there were more or less empty pollen grains in the microsporangium and these pollen grains were quite different in size. The development of most gynoecia was normal but numerous abnormal embryo sacs could be seen. On the blossom day, female gametophytes were mainly 7-celled with 8-nuclei or with 7-nuclei or 4-celled with antipodal cells degenerated; the egg apparatus wasnot fully developed either.     

刺五加体细胞胚发生研究进展

综述了国内外对刺五加体细胞胚发生研究的现状。分别对刺五加体细胞胚发生方式、体细胞胚发育相关生理生化变化（包括生长素极性运输、DNA甲基化和代谢途径调控）、体细胞胚生物反应器培养的研究现状进行了评述。     

刺五加对抑郁症大鼠行为学的影响

目的:研究刺五加对抑郁症动物行为学的影响。方法:采用大鼠强迫游泳试验,确定实验中刺五加治疗组剂量。采用慢性温和性不可预知应激(CUMS)+孤养的方法复制大鼠抑郁模型,将48只SD雄性大鼠分为6组(n=8):正常对照组(NC)、空白对照组(BC)、实验对照组(EC)、刺五加浸膏治疗组(AS)、盐酸氯丙咪嗪治疗组(CH)及刺五加浸膏+盐酸氯丙咪嗪联合治疗组(A+C),观察大鼠糖水偏爱度、体重增长和行为学改变。结果:在强迫游泳实验中,一定剂量的刺五加浸膏能明显缩短大鼠水面停留时间,其中600mg/kg剂量作用最为显著。在CUMS+孤养抑郁模型动物实验中,与NC组相比,BC组和EC组中央格停留时间显著增加(P0.05),其它各项指标显著减少(P0.05),BC组和EC组间各项指标没有显著差异(P0.05);经过28天的治疗后,AS组的中央格停留时间和穿越格数,CH组的穿越格数和清洁运动次数有改善但与NC组相比仍有显著差异(P0.05),AS组、CH组的其余各项指标及A+C组的各项指标都恢复至NC组水平(P0.05)。结论:刺五加在改善抑郁模型大鼠快感缺乏和其他行为学变化方面的作用与盐酸氯丙咪嗪相似,在提高动物对周围环境的要求及对自身的关注度方面略优于盐酸氯丙咪嗪。联合用药能有效改善各种症状且效果优于单独用药。     

刺五加丁香苷和总黄酮含量及其季节动态

本文研究了刺五加（Acanthopanax senticosus）丁香苷和总黄酮含量的季节变化。结果表明,丁香苷主要存在于茎干系统,其中在枝中的含量最高,平均含量可达2．94％。从季节动态来看,刺五加地上部分枝和茎中丁香苷的含量呈明显的季节变化,即春秋季含量较高,夏季含量较低;地下部分根和根茎中丁香苷含量的季节变化不明显。刺五加全株均含有总黄酮,刺五加地上部分总黄酮的含量呈明显的季节变化,其叶片总黄酮在5月中下旬林分郁闭之前含量最高,平均含量可达3．8％;茎干中总黄酮春季较高,夏季降低,而到晚秋时含量最高,其中枝中总黄酮平均含量可达3．75％。地下部分总黄酮含量的季节变化不十分明显。本文对丁香苷和总黄酮季节变化的原因进行了分析。     

Diterpenoids from Acanthopanax brachypus Harms

Four diterpenoids, including two new ones, namely noracanthopanin A ( 1 ) and acanthopanolide B ( 2 ), and two known ones, ent‐pimara‐9(11),15‐dien‐19‐oic acid ( 3 ) and ent‐kaur‐16‐en‐19‐oic acid ( 4 ), were isolated from the stem bark of Acanthopanax brachypus Harms . Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical and spectroscopic analyses. Compound 1 and 2 exhibited moderate cytotoxicities against HO‐8910 cells with IC₅₀ values of 65.21±0.23 and 31.43±1.01 μg/ml, respectively, and 2 showed selective weak cytotoxicity against SMMC‐7721 cells (IC₅₀ 89.67±2.54 μg/ml).     

模拟酸雨对白筋叶片抗氧化酶活性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

采用棚内盆栽方法, 设置pH值5.6 （对照）、4.0、3.0和2.0的模拟酸雨胁迫试验, 探讨其对白簕幼苗叶片MDA含量、保护酶活性、叶绿素含量、气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明, 随着模拟酸雨pH值的降低, MDA含量呈先降低后升高的趋势; SOD活性逐渐降低, POD活性逐渐升高, APX活性呈先升高后降低的变化。叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量均比对照高, 在pH 4.0时达最大值。气孔限制值（Ls）、PSII实际光化学量子产量（ΦPSII）、光化学淬灭系数（qP）均随pH值的降低而下降, 净光速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、水分利用效率（WUE）、PSII最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSII的潜在活性（Fv/Fo）、非光化学淬灭系数（qN）呈先升高后降低趋势, 且也都在pH 4.0时达最大值。由此推测, pH 4.0的酸雨处理有利于白簕幼苗的生长, 表明白簕幼苗可能喜欢生活在微酸环境中, 但是随着酸度加强, 反而起到抑制作用。     

刺五加和短梗五加叶片初生代谢的发育特异性调控研究

利用GC-MS技术对刺五加（Acanthopanax senticosus（Rupr. et Maxim.） Harms）和短梗五加（Acanthopanax sessiliflorus（Rupr. et Maxim.） Seem）叶片初级代谢产物进行了代谢组学分析,运用PCA和OPLS-DA方法分析后,将刺五加和短梗五加叶片划分为3个发育时期：生长期（Growth period）、旺盛期（Exuberant period）、凋落期（Autumn period）。刺五加叶片3个时期筛选出糖类、氨基酸、有机酸、脂肪酸、多元醇等共53个差异化合物,短梗五加叶片3个时期筛选出糖类、氨基酸、有机酸、脂肪酸、多元醇等共51个差异化合物。进一步分析表明,刺五加和短梗五加叶片在旺盛期和凋落期之间差异化合物最多,其中刺五加主要是糖类、有机酸;短梗五加则除了上述两类化合物外,还包括脂肪酸、多胺类化合物。两者作为同属植物,在差异化合物的组成类型方面具有较高的相似性。结果初步揭示了2种同属药用植物叶片不同时期初级代谢物的积累模式,为2种植物叶片利用提供理论基础。     

红毛五加多糖对大鼠肝细胞免疫损伤的保护作用及其机制

红毛五加属于五加科植物,而五加科植物大多具有调节免疫力的双向调节作用,红毛五加多糖是从中药红毛五加中提取的单一组分,目前关于红毛五加多糖的抑炎作用还少有报道。为了探究红毛五加多糖AHP-Ⅱ对LPS导致的大鼠肝细胞免疫损伤的保护作用及其作用机制,该研究将实验分为空白组、模型组(LPS,40μg·mL^-1)和AHP-Ⅱ低、中、高剂量组(25,50,100μg·mL^-1)五组,以LPS(40μg·mL^-1)来制备大鼠肝细胞免疫损伤模型,先用ELISA方法检测细胞分泌TNF-α的水平及流式检测ROS的含量,来探究AHP-Ⅱ不同剂量对炎症因子的抑制作用,再用western方法检测P-JNK2的蛋白水平来进一步探究AHP-Ⅱ的抑制作用机制。结果表明:低、中、高剂量组的AHP-Ⅱ均可使肝细胞损伤后的TNF-α含量下降。同时,AHP-Ⅱ中、高剂量组均可使损伤后的肝细胞ROS的分泌量下降,且AHP-Ⅱ高剂量组抑制ROS的作用最强。在加入AHP-Ⅱ后,JNK2蛋白的磷酸化水平呈剂量依赖性降低,AHP-Ⅱ高剂量组抑制作用最强。这说明红毛五加多糖AHP-Ⅱ可以通过降低P-JNK2的蛋白含量来抑制炎症因子TNF-α及ROS的水平,以发挥免疫保护作用。